# ReDIF file generated from NLM/PubMed XML (UTF-8) # Archive: dbk, Series: evitro # Generated on: 2025-09-20 21:46:26Z Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Mandelman Author-Name-First: Thomas Author-Name-Last: Mandelman Author-Name: Claudia Navas Author-Name-First: Claudia Author-Name-Last: Navas Title: The future lies in environmental sustainability and technological innovation: Investing in vegan-vegetarian diversity and a robot waiter for a restaurant Abstract: In this case report, I developed a strategic planning for La Jirafa restaurant, a member of the Sauco S.A business unit, belonging to Grupo Meta, based in the Patagonian city of the province of Rio Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche, with the objective of increasing profitability to 5% by 2026. It will be achieved through the corporate growth strategy for the development and implementation of new vegan and vegetarian products, and the competitive differentiation strategy with the purchase of a robot waiter, notably differentiating La Jirafa with the other restaurants in Bariloche. After carrying out a complete analysis about the internal and external framework of the company, it was concluded that a strategic planning was carried out to increase the profitability of the company through the increase and loyalty of its clients, emphasizing the corporate strategy. growth through product development, creating and implementing new dishes on the restaurant menu with the aim of including consumer groups such as vegans, vegetarians and celiacs. The competitive strategy, called service/product differentiation, will be used in order to increase sales and customers through new technological and innovative tools that have emerged in recent years, such as the investment of a robot waiter, with the purpose of improving customer service. to the customer and stand out from the large amount of competition that the restaurant has in a tourist city like San Carlos de Bariloche. On the functional strategies side, post-sale service functions will be carried out. These will allow La Jirafa Restaurant to trace a path to achieve the stated objectives. The general objective of this work is to increase the profitability of the company by 5% by the year 2026, it is an objective that will have a term of 4 years and will be fulfilled through certain specific objectives such as increased sales, customer satisfaction and reward redemption rate. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 6-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk20226 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darwin Newton Yanac Calero Author-Name-First: Darwin Newton Author-Name-Last: Yanac Calero Author-Name: Ann Rosemary Chanamé Marín Author-Name-First: Ann Rosemary Author-Name-Last: Chanamé Marín Title: Adhesive resistance to shear forces of metal brackets using different adhesive cements. In vitro study. Lima, Peru, 2021 Abstract: One of the challenges of orthodontic treatment with braces is the installation and permanence of the fixed orthodontic appliances during the time that the orthodontic treatment entails. For this reason, it was possible to determine the adhesive resistance against shear forces of the metal brackets using different adhesive cements. The research was experimental, cross-sectional, prospective and comparative, where two types of cements were used: orthocem and heliosit, adhering to 20 teeth with their brackets. Subsequently, the mechanical laboratory procedure was carried out, using the universal testing machine that advanced vertically at 1 mm / min of speed until the brackets were detached from the tooth, the data of said action recorded. With the data obtained, it was possible to obtain the adhesive resistance against shear forces of the metal brackets using the Orthocem adhesive cement was 2,592 ± 1.28 megapascals, and for the Heliosit adhesive cement it was 2,437 ± 0.80 megapascals. Concluding that the adhesive cement Orthocem and Heliosit present a similar adhesive resistance, not finding a statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) against the shear forces Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 30-30 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202230 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Esther Sanchez Carrillo Author-Name-First: Sara Esther Author-Name-Last: Sanchez Carrillo Author-Name: Ana María Rosso Cerón Author-Name-First: Ana María Author-Name-Last: Rosso Cerón Title: Operating and maintenance manual for the implementation of the conventional drinking water treatment plant (ptap) in the urban area of the municipality of Bochalema, northern Santander Abstract: This manual describes the activities and operating and maintenance characteristics of the water supply service in the urban area of the municipality of Bochalema, Norte de Santander, which is provided by the Public Services Unit. The municipality of Bochalema has two types of water treatment plants, one conventional and one compact. The need for a manual indicating the activities and procedures for the proper operation and maintenance of the conventional plant was identified, since these activities are sometimes carried out empirically by operators, i.e., acquired through several years of experience in their positions, ignoring the importance of having a manual that supports the operational management of the plant and provides the personnel involved with adequate knowledge about the procedures that are carried out and the best way to operate the facilities, equipment, and supplies. Training both current and new managers. The specific objectives focus on: describing the parts that make up the conventional treatment plant, specifying the functioning, operation, and maintenance of the PTAP, indicating the processes and quality standards for water treatment, and preparing safety data sheets for chemical reagents. To achieve the above objectives, the training was organized into sections so that each one would allow for the development of a specific objective, based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the needs of the conventional treatment plant and the operators involved, in accordance with the training required for its optimal operation. Based on the above and as the main result of the project, a detailed and practical manual was produced that meets the needs, focusing on improving the quality of water supplied to the inhabitants of the urban area of the municipality of Bochalema and on good laboratory practices. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 22-22 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202222 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Juliana Jaramillo Arvilla Author-Name-First: Sara Juliana Author-Name-Last: Jaramillo Arvilla Author-Name: Julián Diel Urresta Aragón Author-Name-First: Julián Diel Author-Name-Last: Urresta Aragón Author-Name: Natali Lorena Mena Guerrero Author-Name-First: Natali Lorena Author-Name-Last: Mena Guerrero Author-Name: Carla Stephanny Cárdenas Bustos Author-Name-First: Carla Stephanny Author-Name-Last: Cárdenas Bustos Title: Quantitative study of the variable pollutant load in hospital wastewater from the Imbanaco Clinic in the city of Cali Abstract: Water contamination by emerging contaminants due to human activities has become one of the most critical difficulties in recent years. Within this problem of wastewater, we find hospital wastewater, catalogued as an important source of environmental risk due to the presence of metabolites and emerging micro contaminants. This wastewater includes laundry, kitchen, cleaning and diagnostic services, as well as care, laboratory, research and diagnostic activities. It is a challenge for health service providers to address this problem and comply with current environmental regulations. There are different processes, including advanced oxidation processes, in this case by ozonation. However, it is important to know the pollutant nature of each effluent that is why the purpose of this research was to identify the organic load contributed by the liquid waste from the headquarters of the Imbanaco Medical Center located in the city of Cali, Valle del Cauca, the experimental design evaluated allows concluding that the cleaning and sterilization supplies used in the Imbanaco Medical Center are highly recalcitrant and exceed the maximum permissible limits established by resolution 0631 of 2015. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 66-66 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202266 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benny Walker Díaz-Fonseca Author-Name-First: Benny Walker Author-Name-Last: Díaz-Fonseca Author-Name: Carlos Mauricio Lozano-Carranza Author-Name-First: Carlos Mauricio Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Carranza Author-Name: Andi Lozano-Chung Author-Name-First: Andi Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Chung Title: Assessment of soil contamination by leachates from the municipal landfill in the district of San Pablo Abstract: The present investigation, it had as general aim evaluate the pollution of the soil affected for lixiviados of the municipal botadero of San Paul's District, by means of a descriptive investigation of type, in which they were analyzed to the metals weighed as Cadmium (CD), Lead (Pb), Chrome the VIth (Cr+6) and Total Chrome (Cr Total) in soil, in addition they are established in the D. S N ° 002-2013 MINAM, standards of Environmental Quality (ECA) for soil. The samples were obtained of the soil and later sent to the laboratory of soils of San's Martin National University. The investigation concludes that it was reached to evaluate the pollution of the soil affected for lixiviados of the municipal botadero of San Paul's District, realizing two samplings in different dates, they were sampled to the Cadmium (CD), Lead (Pb), Chrome the VIth (Cr+6) and Total Chrome (Cr Total), the sampling was realized in three different points of the municipal botadero (P1: Agricultural Soil, P2: central Soil of the botadero, P3: Soil of control or initial soil of the botadero), Likewise it was achieved to find the presence of the Cadmium, Lead and Total Chrome in three points of sampling with the exception of the Chrome the VIth. The comparison of the levels of concentration of the heavy metals evaluated with the Standards of Environmental Quality for soil - ECA allowed to establish that the levels of Cadmium (CD) in three sampled points overcome the values established by the ECA for an agricultural soil, with regard to the Lead (Pb) in three sampled points they do not overcome the values established by the ECA for an agricultural soil. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 36-36 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202236 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roxana Alejandra Ramirez Moriano Author-Name-First: Roxana Alejandra Author-Name-Last: Ramirez Moriano Author-Name: Jacqueline Corredor Acuña Author-Name-First: Jacqueline Author-Name-Last: Corredor Acuña Title: Lon adsorption behavior (in aqueous solutions) of lanthanum, cerium, and europium in organic adsorbents: review of kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic studies Abstract: Rare earth elements are present in a large number of raw materials for different applications in high technology, including lasers, magnets, fiber optics, X-ray machines, and lamps. Therefore, efforts have been made to find new alternatives that improve the recovery and recycling of these important elements, given that rare earth reserves worldwide are scarce and highly polluting. The aim is to counteract demand and help the environment by using alternative methods and making use of waste at the end of its useful life. Some of this waste is found in water sources from treatment plants and mining, which is significantly dangerous for nature and humans. As a viable alternative, the adsorption method has been chosen as it is an effective and low-cost process. This document aims to analyze different literature on the adsorption of lanthanum, cerium, and europium ions (in aqueous solutions) on organic adsorbents such as biomass and activated carbons, in order to verify whether the adsorption technique proves to be effective for the recovery of these elements, analyzing the kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic models. The results obtained confirm that the parameters that depend on adsorption are contact time, pH, and temperature, with a high capacity for removing metal ions. The isotherms most used by the different authors were Langmuir and Freundlich. For the kinetic study, a correlation was found with the activation energy taking place in chemisorption. Most of the literature studied showed that these were spontaneous and endothermic processes. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 26-26 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202226 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Juliana Jaramillo Arvilla Author-Name-First: Sara Juliana Author-Name-Last: Jaramillo Arvilla Author-Name: Julián Diel Urresta Aragón Author-Name-First: Julián Diel Author-Name-Last: Urresta Aragón Author-Name: Natali Lorena Mena Guerrero Author-Name-First: Natali Lorena Author-Name-Last: Mena Guerrero Author-Name: Carla Stephanny Cárdenas Bustos Author-Name-First: Carla Stephanny Author-Name-Last: Cárdenas Bustos Title: Advanced Treatment of Hospital Wastewater using POAs: Evaluation and Technological Application Abstract: Introduction: The study addressed the environmental problems associated with wastewater generated by hospitals, which contains contaminants that are difficult to remove using conventional methods. In Colombia, current regulations established strict limits for its discharge, which prompted the search for more effective technologies such as Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). Development: The research described the classification and composition of hospital liquid waste, as well as the physicochemical parameters required by Resolution 0631 of 2015. Subsequently, different traditional treatments (primary, secondary, and tertiary) were explored, and AOPs were examined in greater depth, including ozonation, the Fenton process, and photocatalysis. These methods used highly oxidizing agents, such as hydroxyl radicals, capable of degrading recalcitrant compounds present in hospital effluents. The operating conditions and operating principles of each technique were analyzed, as well as their technical and economic feasibility. Conclusions: The study concluded that POAs represented an effective solution for the tertiary treatment of hospital wastewater. The technologies evaluated significantly improved parameters such as COD, BOD5, and total suspended solids. However, their effectiveness depended on specific operating variables such as pH and oxidant dosage. It was highlighted that the integration of POAs with biological treatments could optimize results and reduce operating costs, promoting more sustainable environmental management in the healthcare sector. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 49-49 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202249 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rodrigo Dávid Colichón Carranza Author-Name-First: Rodrigo Dávid Author-Name-Last: Colichón Carranza Author-Name: Alexis Torres-del Aguila Author-Name-First: Alexis Author-Name-Last: Torres-del Aguila Author-Name: Carlos Mauricio Lozano Carranza Author-Name-First: Carlos Mauricio Author-Name-Last: Lozano Carranza Author-Name: Andi Lozano Chung Author-Name-First: Andi Author-Name-Last: Lozano Chung Title: Atmospheric pollution by PM 2.5 and microplastics: risks and scientific advances Abstract: Introduction: Pollution by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and microplastics (PMs) appeared as a growing environmental and public health problem. PM2.5 particles, with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm, penetrated deeply into the respiratory system, while PMs, plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm, acted as carriers of pollutants. Scientific evidence indicated that their combination could increase respiratory, cardiovascular and oncological risks. Development: International and local studies reported variable concentrations of PM2.5, from low values in Villavicencio and Tarapoto to critical levels in Shanghai, New Delhi and Brazilian cities, where WHO recommendations were widely exceeded, especially in winter. Research such as that of Zhu et al. and Abbasi identified PMs in PM2.5 fractions, using techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). The main sources were documented to include transportation, industrial emissions, domestic combustion and degradation of major plastics. Meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity and wind speed influenced particle dispersion. Spatial and temporal variability evidenced the need for integrated and accurate monitoring systems. Conclusions: The interaction between PM2.5 and PMs generated a complex environmental risk scenario, requiring public policies to reduce emissions and regulate the use of plastics. Methodological advances improved detection, although limitations persisted in understanding their chronic effects. Evidence supported that early and coordinated action was key to mitigate impacts on health and the environment. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 39-39 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202239 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benny Walker Díaz-Fonseca Author-Name-First: Benny Walker Author-Name-Last: Díaz-Fonseca Author-Name: Carlos Mauricio Lozano-Carranza Author-Name-First: Carlos Mauricio Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Carranza Author-Name: Andi Lozano-Chung Author-Name-First: Andi Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Chung Title: Environmental Impact of Improper Solid Waste Disposal in San Pablo, Peru Abstract: The study showed that inadequate solid waste management in the district of San Pablo represented a critical environmental problem, characterised by cumulative impacts on soil, water and public health. The absence of a technically designed landfill and the disposal of waste in an open dump without waterproofing or leachate treatment systems led to the continuous release of pollutants. These leachates, generated by the decomposition of organic matter and the percolation of rainwater, contained high concentrations of biodegradable organic matter, heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni) and pathogenic microorganisms, frequently exceeding Environmental Quality Standards. In the soil, leachate infiltration altered physicochemical properties, increasing electrical conductivity, decreasing pH and reducing natural fertility. From a biological point of view, a decrease in microbial diversity and an alteration of essential biogeochemical cycles were observed. This situation was aggravated by sociocultural factors such as hyperconsumption, low recycling rates and low environmental awareness, compounded by the limited technical and budgetary capacities of the local government. Comparative analysis with national and international studies showed that the case of San Pablo replicated a common pattern in localities without adequate infrastructure. The research highlighted the need to implement a sanitary landfill with leachate and biogas control, environmental monitoring programmes, community education campaigns and citizen participation mechanisms as comprehensive strategies to mitigate and prevent environmental and health risks, ensuring a healthy environment for the present and future population. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 12-12 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202212 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rodrigo Dávid Colichón Carranza Author-Name-First: Rodrigo Dávid Author-Name-Last: Colichón Carranza Author-Name: Alexis Torres-del Aguila Author-Name-First: Alexis Author-Name-Last: Torres-del Aguila Author-Name: Carlos Mauricio Lozano Carranza Author-Name-First: Carlos Mauricio Author-Name-Last: Lozano Carranza Author-Name: Andi Lozano Chung Author-Name-First: Andi Author-Name-Last: Lozano Chung Title: Environmental and health risk assessment of PM 2.5 and microplastics in Morales Abstract: The research analyzed the impact of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on atmospheric quality in the district of Morales, San Martin province, during the year 2022. PM2.5, with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm, was identified as one of the most dangerous pollutants worldwide, associated with millions of premature deaths and chronic respiratory diseases, lung cancer and other disorders. It was highlighted that its concentrations were determined by emissions, meteorological conditions and physicochemical transformations. In Morales, possible sources included rice milling plants, brick kilns, vulcanizing plants, service stations and agricultural activities. In addition, the possible presence of microplastics in the composition of PM2.5 was considered, which represented an additional risk to health and the environment. The research was justified on theoretical, social, economic and environmental criteria, underlining the need for monitoring and control. The lack of previous studies in Peru on the joint presence of PM2.5 and microplastics, as well as the limited real-time measurement infrastructure, motivated the study. The study sought to compare local concentrations with international references and national regulations, evaluating their significance in the deterioration of air quality. It was concluded that PM2.5 air pollution in Morales could have relevant impacts on public health and environmental quality, and that the identification of sources and characteristics of these particles was essential to develop effective mitigation and protection strategies for the population and the ecosystem. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 20-20 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202220 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benny Walker Díaz-Fonseca Author-Name-First: Benny Walker Author-Name-Last: Díaz-Fonseca Author-Name: Carlos Mauricio Lozano-Carranza Author-Name-First: Carlos Mauricio Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Carranza Author-Name: Andi Lozano-Chung Author-Name-First: Andi Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Chung Title: Environmental and health risks due to inadequate waste disposal in San Pablo, Peru Abstract: Solid waste generation was one of the most persistent environmental and municipal management problems, affecting both urban and rural areas. In the district of San Pablo, the lack of a formal landfill forced waste to be disposed of in an open dump, producing toxic leachates containing heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and chromium. These contaminants infiltrated the soil and nearby water bodies, putting human health and the quality of natural resources at risk, especially in agricultural areas. National and international research showed that this phenomenon physically, chemically, and biologically degraded the soil, reducing its fertility and affecting food chains. The proximity of the dump to productive areas increased the risk of bioaccumulation of contaminants in crops and livestock. High BOD, COD, and bacteriological values above permissible limits were also observed. Social, cultural and political factors, such as excessive consumption, lack of environmental education and political will, intensified the problem. International experience showed that the solution required planning, adequate infrastructure, technical control, community participation and environmental education. For San Pablo, it was proposed to implement a sanitary landfill with waterproofing, leachate treatment, recycling programmes and continuous environmental monitoring. Without a comprehensive strategy, the negative impact of leachates would continue to degrade the soil, water and public health, compromising food security and the socio-economic well-being of the community. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 27-27 Volume: 1 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202227 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v1a11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Agostina Constansa Rodriguez Author-Name-First: Agostina Constansa Author-Name-Last: Rodriguez Author-Name: Hernan Carlos Hoyos Author-Name-First: Hernan Carlos Author-Name-Last: Hoyos Title: H2S Hydrogrn Sulfide risk factors, conditions and work environment in processes in the oil industry in Argentina Abstract: The purpose of this Final Graduation Project is to investigate exploring the different work processes, to visualize the occupational exposure to H2S hydrogen sulfide of a worker in the oil field, their atmospheric environment, working conditions, work environments, dangers and risks, in order to guarantee compliance with the permissible limits in current occupational health and safety regulations. In the oil industry, H2S is present in the atmosphere of all processes, various plants, batteries and locations because it is part of oil and gas, high concentrations can cause damage to health, or even death by suffocation and high contamination to the environment. For this, surveys were carried out obtaining data and analyzing the information of the workers of the different sectors, the majority have little knowledge of the exposure to H2S, the potentiality and severity of this gas, the work they do is dangerous. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 50-50 Volume: 2 Year: 2023 DOI: 10.56294/evk202350 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2023v2a12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheyla Zorrilla-Reyes Author-Name-First: Sheyla Author-Name-Last: Zorrilla-Reyes Title: pH values of fluoride mouthwashes marketed in Peru: an observational study Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine the average pH value of fluoride mouthwashes marketed in Peru. The methodological design was experimental-descriptive. Seven commercial brands were evaluated, with a sample of 21 fluoride mouthwashes, three per group, Colgate Plax Ice Glacial Zero Alcohol, Colgate Plax Soft Mint Zero Alcohol, Listerine Total Care Zero, Listerine Anticaries, Oral B Complete, Dento Menta Zero Alcohol and Vitis Orthodontic; a previously calibrated digital pH meter was used to measure the pH and the data was processed with ANOVA and Tukey tests, finding statistically significant differences in the means of the pH values of the mouthwashes p=0. 000(p<0.05), these were considered acidic since they obtained values ranging from 3.93 to 6.27, of which 6 of the brands evaluated obtained values below the critical pH=5.5 considered potentially erosive for the enamel, Listerine Anticaries was the most acidic with a pH=3.93 and Dento Menta Zero Alcohol the least acidic with a pH=6.27, being the only brand that was above the critical value. It is suggested that the pH value be expressed on the commercial label, and thus be taken into account when choosing the most appropriate mouthwash according to the patient's needs, evaluating the benefit/side effect. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 11-11 Volume: 2 Year: 2022 DOI: 10.56294/evk202211 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2022v2a13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gisela Martínez Azcuy Author-Name-First: Gisela Author-Name-Last: Martínez Azcuy Author-Name: Alfredo Otero Martínez Author-Name-First: Alfredo Author-Name-Last: Otero Martínez Author-Name: Pablo Marín Álvarez Author-Name-First: Pablo Author-Name-Last: Marín Álvarez Author-Name: José Ramón Otero Rosales Author-Name-First: José Ramón Author-Name-Last: Otero Rosales Author-Name: Lorenzo Morejon Carmona Author-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-Name-Last: Morejon Carmona Title: The bronchial asthma and its association with the changes in the weather Abstract: Introduction: Climate and weather influence human health. Asthma is a psychosomatic illness that constitutes a global health problem, and the influence of environmental factors on the onset of bronchial asthma attacks is well known. Objectives: To determine the peak occurrence of bronchial asthma attacks in the municipality of Pinar del Río, relating them to meteorological changes. Methods: The total number of people who attended the emergency services of the four clinics in the municipality of Pinar del Río for bronchial asthma attacks daily was collected, according to charge sheets and reports from the municipal health analysis and trends unit, between the 1st and 2nd of May. January 2023 and December 31, 2024. The data collected regarding the attendance of these patients was compared with the information provided by the biometeorological model maps provided by the Provincial CITMA. Case frequency graphs were created, by day and by month. Intervals were established for the histogram, and the different clinics were located according to the frequency intervals with which patients came to receive health services. Results: Under atmospheric hyperoxia conditions, the daily incidence of the disease was equal to or greater than 160% of the respective monthly average, demonstrating a massive meteorological-pathological response in the study population. Conclusions: Meteorotropic effects associated with sudden changes in weather can have deleterious impacts on human health. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 48-48 Volume: 2 Year: 2023 DOI: 10.56294/evk202248 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2023v2a14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rodrigo Dávid Colichón Carranza Author-Name-First: Rodrigo Dávid Author-Name-Last: Colichón Carranza Author-Name: Alexis Torres-del Aguila Author-Name-First: Alexis Author-Name-Last: Torres-del Aguila Author-Name: Carlos Mauricio Lozano Carranza Author-Name-First: Carlos Mauricio Author-Name-Last: Lozano Carranza Author-Name: Andi Lozano Chung Author-Name-First: Andi Author-Name-Last: Lozano Chung Title: Impacts of Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) on the atmospheric quality of the District of Morales - Province of San Martin – 2022 Abstract: The particles (PM 2.5) contain a series of contaminants present on their surface, including minerals released into the environment and microplastics, among others, which affect air quality and people's health. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of particulate matter (PM2.5) on atmospheric quality in the Morales district of the city of Tarapoto. The design was non-experimental, applied and cross-sectional. For this purpose, 10 sampling stations were considered where air samples were collected for the measurement of PM2.5 by gravimetry and the characterization of PM2.5 by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. (FTIR); Climatological measurements were also made, such as temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and speed, during a period of 10 days in the month of March 2022. The results indicated a range of PM2.5 between 71 µg/m3 (point: CA- 07) and 123 µg/m3 (point CA-10) and perfluorododecyl iodide type microplastic was identified, which suggests continuing with a monitoring program as an instrument to help control sources of pollution in the city. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 67-67 Volume: 2 Year: 2023 DOI: 10.56294/evk202367 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2023v2a15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Libia Belén Arévalo-Saavedra Author-Name-First: Libia Belén Author-Name-Last: Arévalo-Saavedra Author-Name: Carlos Mauricio Lozano-Carranza Author-Name-First: Carlos Mauricio Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Carranza Author-Name: Andi Lozano-Chung Author-Name-First: Andi Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Chung Title: Phytoremediation efficiency of Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes in leachates generated at the Cuñumbuqui landfill Abstract: The present investigation entitled "Eficiencia de fitorremediación de Pistia stratiotes y Eichornia crassipes en lixiviados generados en el botadero de Cuñumbuqui, San Martín 2020." It has as a general objective is to evaluate the efficiency of the phytoremediation of the selected species that are the Pistia stratiotes and Eichornia crassipes, this research is of an applied type since in the treatment, phytoremediation techniques were applied using macrophyte species under ex situ conditions; with a quasi - experimental design; The population corresponded to the leachate generated in the Cuñumbuqui dump, from which a sample of 130L was obtained, where 20L was distributed for each of the 6 ponds that were used in the treatment, which was carried out in a period After 15 days, the field parameters (pH, temperature, EC and DO) were monitored every 3 days during that time; Likewise, techniques and instruments were used to collect data, respectively, such as: the field record sheet, daily record, and chains of custody; The procedure was developed in stages both in the office for the systematization of information and data, and in the field to carry out the project. In conclusion, the application of macrophyte species in leachates formed in landfills is a treatment alternative, it was found that Eichhornia crassipes is more efficient than Pistia stratiotes, since it has a greater removal of pollutants to improve the quality of these waters, which that would allow giving it a different final disposition. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 56-56 Volume: 2 Year: 2023 DOI: 10.56294/evk202356 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2023v2a16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Agostina Constansa Rodriguez Author-Name-First: Agostina Constansa Author-Name-Last: Rodriguez Author-Name: Hernan Carlos Hoyos Author-Name-First: Hernan Carlos Author-Name-Last: Hoyos Title: Occupational exposure to hydrogen sulphide in the oil industry Abstract: Introduction: The study analysed hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) exposure in the hydrocarbon industry of the San Jorge Gulf Basin, one of the most relevant regions for oil and gas production in Argentina. This area, located between Chubut and Santa Cruz, presented demanding working conditions and high risks, especially due to the presence of toxic gases. The research sought to assess the level of exposure to H₂S and propose actions to protect the health of operational personnel. Development: Different work activities were identified, such as welding, maintenance, civil works and field operations, where personnel were in direct contact with possible H₂S emissions. Companies such as YPF, PAE and CAPSA implemented safety measures such as the use of gas detectors, personal protective equipment (PPE) and work permits. However, a lack of documented and specific procedures was detected, which increased operational risk. Through field measurements, regulatory analysis and recognition of critical tasks, it was observed that workers operated in hostile environments and with constant exposure to gas, especially in confined spaces, hot work and supervisory tasks. Conclusions: The research made it possible to determine the degree of occupational exposure to H₂S, highlighting the need to strengthen documentation, improve environmental controls and implement more rigorous prevention policies. It also proposed concrete actions to mitigate risks, contributing to a safer, more responsible industry aligned with current health and safety regulations. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 5-5 Volume: 2 Year: 2023 DOI: 10.56294/evk20225 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2023v2a17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheyla Zorrilla-Reyes Author-Name-First: Sheyla Author-Name-Last: Zorrilla-Reyes Title: Fluoride Mouthwashes and Their Effect on Oral Health Abstract: Oral health was recognised as an essential component of general well-being, and fluoridated mouthwashes represented an effective alternative in the prevention of diseases such as caries and gingivitis. Throughout the study, it was observed that their effectiveness depended not only on the presence of fluoride, but also on physicochemical variables such as pH, viscosity and titratable acidity. Research conducted by Marinho et al. and Van der Kaaij et al. demonstrated the preventive capacity of fluoride against carious lesions, especially in children and adolescents. However, studies such as those by Hanan et al. and Lima et al. revealed that many commercial brands had pH values below 5.5, considered potentially erosive to tooth enamel. Alcohol content was also a controversial factor. While Fernández identified that its presence tended to reduce pH, Marchetti et al. showed that alcohol-free formulations maintained similar efficacy and were safer for certain groups. The importance of transparency in labelling was also highlighted, especially in products aimed at children, as indicated by Alves et al. Finally, it was concluded that, although fluoridated mouthwashes provided proven benefits, their use should be carefully evaluated, considering both their formulation and their potential impact on public health. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 23-23 Volume: 2 Year: 2023 DOI: 10.56294/evk202223 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2023v2a18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darwin Newton Yanac Calero Author-Name-First: Darwin Newton Author-Name-Last: Yanac Calero Author-Name: Ann Rosemary Chanamé Marín Author-Name-First: Ann Rosemary Author-Name-Last: Chanamé Marín Title: Evaluation of adhesive strength in bracket cementation Abstract: The cementation of metal brackets was an essential aspect of successful orthodontic treatment, as the adhesive strength against shear forces determined their stability during treatment. Various national and international studies analysed the effectiveness of different cements, such as orthodontic resins and glass ionomers, showing variations in the adhesive strength achieved. Research such as that conducted by Chumacero, Huaita and Aguilar showed that, although some cements offered higher resistance values, the differences were not always statistically significant. Furthermore, multiple factors were identified that influenced adhesion, such as the type of bracket base, enamel preparation, the pressure exerted during cementation, and the patient's clinical condition. Likewise, the need to achieve adhesion that is strong enough to maintain the brackets during treatment, but also safe enough to allow removal without damaging the enamel, was highlighted. Studies such as those by García and Herrera emphasised the importance of the bracket base and the type of resin used, while Fraga and Spaccesi evaluated the effects of pre-conditioning and concluded that there were no significant differences between techniques or concentrations applied. Overall, the evidence supported the importance of selecting an adhesive system that is balanced in strength, safety and practicality, highlighting the need for further standardised research to improve clinical efficacy. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 46-46 Volume: 2 Year: 2023 DOI: 10.56294/evk202246 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2023v2a19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Libia Belén Arévalo-Saavedra Author-Name-First: Libia Belén Author-Name-Last: Arévalo-Saavedra Author-Name: Carlos Mauricio Lozano-Carranza Author-Name-First: Carlos Mauricio Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Carranza Author-Name: Andi Lozano-Chung Author-Name-First: Andi Author-Name-Last: Lozano-Chung Title: Studies and technological advances in the treatment of contaminated wáter Abstract: The research addressed the environmental problems arising from the generation of leachates in landfills and municipal solid waste dumps, recognising them as highly polluting effluents due to their content of organic and inorganic compounds and heavy metals. National and international background information was reviewed, highlighting studies that applied advanced oxidation processes, such as the Fenton method, and phytoremediation techniques with plant species adapted to different environments. Research by Pellón, López and Espinoza characterised leachates based on climatic factors and waste composition, while Medina et al. optimised the Fenton process, finding differences between rainy and dry seasons. Alcalde et al. evaluated bioremediation as a viable alternative, and Jerez verified the ability of plants to accumulate heavy metals in roots and leaves. Sari et al. and Fasani et al. measured the effectiveness of species such as Echinodorus palaefolius and Chrysopogon zizanioides in reducing pollutants and evapotranspiration. Key parameters such as pH, total suspended solids, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, and total petroleum hydrocarbons, as defined by the APHA and EPA, were highlighted. Phytoremediation, using species such as Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes, proved to be a low-cost, highly efficient alternative capable of removing organic compounds, metals and microorganisms through processes such as phytoextraction, phytodegradation and rhizofiltration. It was concluded that the combination of these techniques with continuous monitoring and proper biomass management constituted a sustainable, technically and economically viable strategy for leachate management, contributing to the protection of water resources and the achievement of environmental objectives. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 72-72 Volume: 2 Year: 2023 DOI: 10.56294/evk202372 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2023v2a20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oswaldo A. Azuaje G Author-Name-First: Oswaldo A. Author-Name-Last: Azuaje G Author-Name: Andrés Rosales Author-Name-First: Andrés Author-Name-Last: Rosales Author-Name: Francisco Da Silva Author-Name-First: Francisco Author-Name-Last: Da Silva Title: Application of a Methodological Framework for the Development of a Hazop Study of a CSTR Reactor for the Production of Propylene Glycol from Propylene Oxide Using Process Simulation in Aspen Hysys Abstract: HAZOP analysis is a systematic and structured method used to identify operational problems and potential hazards within a process. The methodology implemented, proposed in previous research (Danko et al., 2019), is based on the incorporation of process simulation to carry out a HAZOP study, through the construction of the process operating window and the establishment of deviations in the relevant process parameters. This methodology also includes a process layer analysis (LOPA), with special emphasis on the process design layers and the basic process control system. This research uses a CSTR reactor used in the production of propylene glycol through the hydrolysis reaction of propylene oxide as a case study, and was carried out using the commercial simulator Aspen HYSYS. For the initial operating conditions, a temperature of 91.63°C, a water conversion of 95%, an outlet product flow of 10.29 mol/s, and a propylene glycol composition in the product of approximately 56% were obtained in both cases. Using dynamic simulation, the deviations corresponding to the scenarios proposed were simulated, then the consequences observed were carefully analyzed, and preventive measures (known as safeguards) were proposed for each scenario. Finally, the study report was prepared based on the information obtained in the previous phase. The results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to effectively implement the methodology within the HYSYS simulator. In the short term, this methodology can be very useful as an initial stage of simulation-based process analysis, prior to the execution of a traditional HAZOP by a multidisciplinary group of experts in this method. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 101-101 Volume: 3 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.56294/evk2024101 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2024v3a21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solange del Rocío Lituma Carriel Author-Name-First: Solange del Rocío Author-Name-Last: Lituma Carriel Title: Evaluation of the effectiveness of an entomopathogenic consortium for the control of mealybug (Planococcus citri) located on the María Auxiliadora campus of the Salesian Polytechnic University Abstract: Introduction: in the city of Guayaquil, the mealybug pest poses a threat to various plant species. Biological control strategies, such as the use of one of its natural predators, ladybugs, are also possible, as are other solutions such as the use of entomopathogenic fungi. Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of an entomopathogenic consortium consisting of the species Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii, and Purpureocillium lilacinum against the mealybug species Planococcus citri in lemon plants. Method: the experimental strategy was carried out on the grounds of the Salesian Polytechnic University, María Auxiliadora campus. Lemon trees were infected with Planococcus citri for 4 to 6 months, two weeks before the application of the treatments. The 7 treatments, except for the application control, consisted of 3 different concentrations (200 %, 100 %, and 50 %) of the positive control (chemical detergent) and the entomopathogenic consortium. Results: the mortality rate of scale insects and the efficacy of the consortium were analyzed. Treatment 3 (100%) produced the highest mortality rate; while treatment 2, the positive control, and treatment 3, the entomopathogenic consortium, showed no significant differences in efficacy. In addition, chlorophyll was analyzed before and after treatment; treatment 3 showed significant differences compared to the positive control treatments. Conclusions: the entomopathogenic fungal consortium proved to be an effective alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling Planococcus citri, as higher mortality of the pest and a significant population reduction were observed with the use of this treatment compared to the negative and positive controls. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 123-123 Volume: 3 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.56294/evk2024123 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2024v3a22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oswaldo A. Azuaje G Author-Name-First: Oswaldo A. Author-Name-Last: Azuaje G Author-Name: Andrés Rosales Author-Name-First: Andrés Author-Name-Last: Rosales Author-Name: Francisco Da Silva Author-Name-First: Francisco Author-Name-Last: Da Silva Title: Application of simulation tools to HAZOP analysis of exothermic reaction processes Abstract: Introduction: The article addressed the integration between process simulation and HAZOP studies as a tool for risk analysis in the chemical industry. It was identified that, despite the effectiveness of traditional HAZOP, its qualitative nature and dependence on expert judgment limited its scope in complex systems. In response, it was proposed to review the use of simulation - in steady state and dynamic - as a support to improve the identification and evaluation of deviations in industrial processes, especially in CSTR type reactors. Development: The principles of chemical process simulation and its application using tools such as Aspen HYSYS were described. The advantages of mathematical modeling for predicting the behavior of a system in the face of disturbances were analyzed. In particular, a case of propylene glycol production in a CSTR reactor was studied, highlighting the influence of parameters such as temperature, reactant flow and unstable operating zones. Key concepts of the HAZOP study, the LOPA methodology and the design of protection layers were reviewed and linked to data obtained from detailed simulations. Visual tools such as bifurcation diagrams and operational windows were exemplified. Conclusions: The review evidenced that the use of simulation strengthens risk analyses by complementing the HAZOP approach with quantitative data. This combination improved the accuracy of the analysis, reduced the study execution time and increased the reliability of the results. It was concluded that the integration of advanced simulators represents a key trend in the evolution towards more digitized and efficient risk management. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 102-102 Volume: 3 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.56294/evk2024102 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2024v3a23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aline Aparecida Pacheco Author-Name-First: Aline Aparecida Author-Name-Last: Pacheco Author-Name: Analía Claudia Sabattini Author-Name-First: Analía Claudia Author-Name-Last: Sabattini Title: Evaluation of the use of contrast agents in medical imaging Abstract: Advances in medical imaging techniques have significantly improved clinical diagnosis, and contrast agents have become essential tools in procedures such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. However, their use has been associated with significant risks, particularly contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), which mainly affects patients with pre-existing renal or cardiovascular disease. The studies reviewed addressed the pathophysiological mechanisms of this complication, as well as the most effective prevention strategies, such as intravenous hydration and the use of agents with lower renal toxicity potential. The safety of iodinated and even gadolinium-based contrast agents was also analysed, highlighting that some compounds offered a safer profile. Despite advances, clinical controversies persisted, and the need for further research to optimise preventive management and ensure patient safety was emphasised. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 103-103 Volume: 3 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.56294/evk2024103 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2024v3a24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Esther Sanchez Carrillo Author-Name-First: Sara Esther Author-Name-Last: Sanchez Carrillo Author-Name: Ana María Rosso Cerón Author-Name-First: Ana María Author-Name-Last: Rosso Cerón Title: Optimization of the drinking water treatment system in Bochalema: a technical and operational proposal Abstract: Introduction: This study addressed the development of an operation and maintenance manual for the El Topacio Drinking Water Treatment Plant in the municipality of Bochalema, Norte de Santander. The importance of drinking water as a fundamental right was recognized, and it was noted that the plant faced technical and operational problems that compromised the quality of the water supplied. Development: To develop the manual, we began with a review of the Technical Regulations for the Drinking Water and Basic Sanitation Sector (RAS) and similar studies conducted in other municipalities in the country. Key concepts such as raw water, residual chlorine, preventive maintenance, and water quality were integrated. In addition, relevant background information was analyzed, showing successful experiences in improving treatment plants through technical diagnostics and maintenance strategies. The geographical, demographic, and environmental situation of the municipality was studied, identifying key aspects such as the main water resource (the Aguablanca stream) and the sources of pollution present in the area. Conclusions: The manual proved to be a technical and training tool for improving plant efficiency, standardizing procedures, and strengthening decision-making. It was adapted to the specific conditions of the territory and proposed as a basis for training operational personnel. Its correct implementation would guarantee service continuity, preserve infrastructure, and ensure sustainable access to drinking water for the population of Bochalema. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 38-38 Volume: 3 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.56294/evk202238 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2024v3a25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aline Aparecida Pacheco Author-Name-First: Aline Author-Name-Last: Aparecida Pacheco Author-Name: Analía Claudia Sabattini Author-Name-First: Analía Author-Name-Last: Claudia Sabattini Title: Evaluation of the use of contrast agents in medical imaging Abstract: Advances in medical imaging techniques have significantly improved clinical diagnosis, and contrast agents have become essential tools in procedures such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. However, their use has been associated with significant risks, particularly contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), which mainly affects patients with pre-existing renal or cardiovascular disease. The studies reviewed addressed the pathophysiological mechanisms of this complication, as well as the most effective prevention strategies, such as intravenous hydration and the use of agents with lower renal toxicity potential. The safety of iodinated and even gadolinium-based contrast agents was also analysed, highlighting that some compounds offered a safer profile. Despite advances, clinical controversies persisted, and the need for further research to optimise preventive management and ensure patient safety was emphasised. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 187-187 Volume: 3 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2024187 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v3a26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solange del Rocío Lituma Carriel Author-Name-First: Solange del Rocío Author-Name-Last: Lituma Carriel Title: Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils: review and perspective for Ecuador in the Latin American context Abstract: Introduction: soil contamination by hydrocarbons is a critical problem in megadiverse countries like Ecuador, where oil activity generates severe environmental impacts, especially in sensitive ecosystems such as the Amazon. Objective: to examine the state-of-the-art bioremediation techniques for hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in Latin America, with a special emphasis on Ecuador. Development: bioremediation is addressed as a sustainable alternative for restoring contaminated soils, highlighting techniques such as phytoremediation, mycoremediation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and the use of biochar and biosurfactants. The role of indigenous microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) and microbial consortia in the degradation of contaminants such as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is emphasized. Although there has been significant international progress, the applicability of these techniques in tropical and megadiverse contexts—such as those in Latin America—remains limited. Ecuador, despite its environmental vulnerability and economic dependence on oil, has limited scientific output in this field. Conclusions: there is a need to adapt bioremediation strategies to local conditions, considering soil and climate factors, native biodiversity, and socio-environmental dynamics. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 145-145 Volume: 3 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.56294/evk2024145 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2024v3a27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solange del Rocío Lituma Carriel Author-Name-First: Solange del Rocío Author-Name-Last: Lituma Carriel Title: Biological Control of Planococcus citri by Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications Abstract: Introduction: entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) represent a sustainable and effective alternative for the biological control of agricultural pests, such as the citrus scale (Planococcus citri), which significantly affects lemon crops in Ecuador. These fungi, including Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Lecanicillium lecanii, act as natural insect pathogens, reducing dependence on chemical pesticides. Objective: to review the potential of EPFs as biological control agents against Planococcus citri, analyzing their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and applications in Ecuadorian agriculture. Development: EPFs infect scale insects by adhesion, germination, penetration, and colonization, producing enzymes and toxins that degrade the insect's cuticle. Studies show that strains such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii are especially effective against P. citri nymphs and adults. However, their effectiveness can be limited by environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and the presence of waxy coatings on the insect. Conclusions: HEPs are a promising tool for integrated pest management in citrus, although their success depends on optimal environmental conditions and stable formulations. Further local research evaluating native strains and application strategies is recommended to maximize their effectiveness in controlling P. citri. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 128-128 Volume: 3 Year: 2024 DOI: 10.56294/evk2024128 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2024v3a28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wilmer Cruz Guayacundo Author-Name-First: Wilmer Author-Name-Last: Cruz Guayacundo Author-Name: Natali López Mejía Author-Name-First: Natali Author-Name-Last: López Mejía Author-Name: Hugo Fabian Lobatón García Author-Name-First: Hugo Fabian Author-Name-Last: Lobatón García Author-Name: Dustin Tahisin Gómez Rodríguez Author-Name-First: Dustin Tahisin Author-Name-Last: Gómez Rodríguez Title: Improving cooling rate in a cold room by using a parametric study coupled with computational fluid dynamics Abstract: The cooling dynamics of fruits depend on the flow conditions around the biological material. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with a design of experiments (DOE) was implemented to reveal how a design variable (bin open area) and an operational variable (cold air mass flow at the inlet) affect turbulence and therefore the cooling kinetics. The CFD model was first validated against experimental local velocities inside the bins with an error of 14% to later be used in the parametric study (simulated data was consistent with experimental data). A clear non-homogeneity in turbulence distribution (vertical stratification) was found and therefore different local cooling rates. For this cooling room, the bin located in the top are cooling faster (8.1 hour 7/8th cooling time) that the bin located in the bottom (14.7 hours 7/8th cooling time). A 65% reduction in the mass flow rate shows a 21% increment in 7/8th cooling time and 57% increment in the lateral bin open area with a constant the flow rate, shows 9% increments in the 7/8th cooling time but with a 2 hours (7/8th cooling time) reduction in the difference between the bin in the top and the bin in the bottom which implied better homogeneity. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 153-153 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025153 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aliana Patricia Gamboa Ortega Author-Name-First: Aliana Patricia Author-Name-Last: Gamboa Ortega Author-Name: Gilberto Rafal Lara Author-Name-First: Gilberto Author-Name-Last: Rafal Lara Author-Name: José Luis Castro Soto Author-Name-First: José Luis Author-Name-Last: Castro Soto Title: UV-Vis spectrophotometry for the determination of iron and silicon in calcined alumina: evaluation of calibration curves Abstract: In laboratories with strict quality requirements, the calibration of equipment is crucial for the reliability of analytical results, especially in the determination of iron and silicon in alumina. This study validated analytical methods by constructing calibration curves for iron (Fe) and silicon (Si) using certified reference materials. The content of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) in calcined alumina (NIST 699 standard) was evaluated by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The statistical viability of the calibration models was confirmed with a Student's t-test. The calibration curves for Fe2O3 and SiO2 showed a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.99891 and R2 = 0.9995, respectively). The analysis of the reference standard yielded concentrations of 0.0129 ± 0.0004% for Fe2O3 and 0.0124 ± 0.0005% for SiO2, demonstrating the accuracy of the method. Statistical analysis confirmed the consistency of the results with the expected theoretical values. In conclusion, the calibration curves showed robustness, the precision was evidenced by the low standard deviation in the replicates, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry proved to be highly reliable and accurate for the quantitative determination of iron and silicon in calcined alumina certified reference material. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 151-151 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025151 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Nava Angulo Author-Name-First: Nicolas Author-Name-Last: Nava Angulo Author-Name: Elias Prudencio Chavez Jaldin Author-Name-First: Elias Prudencio Author-Name-Last: Chavez Jaldin Author-Name: Rommer Alex Ortega Martinez Author-Name-First: Rommer Alex Author-Name-Last: Ortega Martinez Author-Name: Eynar Calle Viles Author-Name-First: Eynar Author-Name-Last: Calle Viles Title: Design and Implementation of a Didactic Monopolar Electrosurgical Simulator for Biomedical Engineering Education Abstract: This work presents the development of a didactic monopolar electrosurgical unit (ESU) simulator, designed as a support tool for the technical training in the handling and basic operation of this medical device within academic environments. The simulator aims to facilitate both theoretical understanding and practical experience of the electrosurgical unit’s operating principles, allowing students to interact with a functional system that replicates its primary modes: cutting and coagulation. The system architecture is based on an ESP32 microcontroller, which generates PWM signals within an adjustable range of 200 kHz to 1 MHz, controlled via rotary encoder potentiometers, and displayed in real time through an LCD screen with I2C interface. The power stage integrates an IRFZ44N MOSFET and a high-frequency transformer, configured to maintain energy levels within safe limits. The activation circuit incorporates 4N25 optocouplers, ensuring electrical isolation between user controls and the power electronics. This simulator is conceived as a formative platform capable of replicating realistic operational scenarios, promoting safe, scalable, and practical learning—particularly suited for biomedical engineering education and related disciplines. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 138-138 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025138 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jhon Richard Montaño Jiménez Author-Name-First: Jhon Richard Author-Name-Last: Montaño Jiménez Author-Name: Rodrigo Martínez Severich Author-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-Name-Last: Martínez Severich Author-Name: Eynar Calle Viles Author-Name-First: Eynar Author-Name-Last: Calle Viles Author-Name: Rommer Alex Ortega Martinez Author-Name-First: Rommer Alex Author-Name-Last: Ortega Martinez Title: Design and Development of a Podiatric Station Prototype for the Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Abstract: Diabetic foot is one of the most frequent complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by the development of ulcers, infections, and a high risk of amputation. In Bolivia, approximately 6.5% of the adult population lives with this condition, and progressive foot injuries are common. In response to this problem, a functional prototype of a podiatric station—named PODIATECH—was designed and developed to support early diagnosis through structural and thermal foot analysis. The system comprises two main modules: a structural module that uses a flatbed scanner to capture the plantar footprint and applies the Hernández-Corvo index; and a thermal module that uses infrared imaging to detect temperature differences associated with circulatory alterations. The entire system is managed through a web-based platform that enables patient registration, clinical record consultation, and automated report generation. During preliminary validation, ten participants were evaluated, five of whom had a confirmed diagnosis of diabetes. In four of these cases, temperature differences greater than 2 °C were detected, corresponding to clinically relevant risk zones. No significant alterations were found in healthy participants. These results suggest that the system may serve as an effective tool for early diabetic foot screening. Further clinical trials with a larger sample size are recommended to assess the system’s performance and reliability in real-world settings. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 165-165 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025165 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katerin Deysi Vasquez Benito Author-Name-First: Katerin Deysi Author-Name-Last: Vasquez Benito Author-Name: Eynar Calle Viles Author-Name-First: Eynar Author-Name-Last: Calle Viles Author-Name: Edgar Roberto Ramos Silvestre Author-Name-First: Edgar Roberto Author-Name-Last: Ramos Silvestre Author-Name: Rommer Alex Ortega Martínez Author-Name-First: Rommer Alex Author-Name-Last: Ortega Martínez Title: A novel IoT system for remote monitoring in geriatric rehabilitation Abstract: This paper presents the design, development, and implementation of a geriatric rehabilitation kit consisting of four dynamic stations, aimed at improving the physical and cognitive well-being of older adults through the use of emerging technologies. The system employs specialized sensors, computer vision, interactive games, a web-based video game, and MQTT communication. It operates on an architecture of ESP32 development boards, sensors, and a VPS server for real-time data storage and analysis. Each geriatric station was designed to stimulate specific abilities: motor activity with a pedal board and video game, agility and memory through a cognitive panel, gait cycle rehabilitation with artificial vision, and balance improvement with the stairs and slope monitored by sensors. The results obtained from experimental tests conducted with geriatric patients at a senior care center demonstrated significant improvements in their physical and cognitive performance, as evidenced by the collected metrics and historical chart analysis. The combination of different sensors and their programming facilitates key data collection, optimizing physical therapy processes and promoting active aging. Furthermore, high acceptance was observed among patients and healthcare professionals, who highlighted the motivation the kit generates and the usefulness of remote monitoring. It is concluded that the kit not only promotes active aging but also represents a viable, scalable, and low-cost solution for physical therapy centers. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 200-200 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025200 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Inwang Edet Usoro Author-Name-First: Inwang Author-Name-Last: Edet Usoro Author-Name: Robert O. Akhigbe Author-Name-First: Robert O. Author-Name-Last: Akhigbe Author-Name: Michael Promise Ogolodom Author-Name-First: Michael Author-Name-Last: Promise Ogolodom Author-Name: Abdullahi Shuaibu Author-Name-First: Abdullahi Author-Name-Last: Shuaibu Author-Name: Emmanuel Emeka Ezugwu Author-Name-First: Emmanuel Author-Name-Last: Emeka Ezugwu Author-Name: Olunwayemisi Titi Oyegbata Author-Name-First: Olunwayemisi Author-Name-Last: Titi Oyegbata Author-Name: Misael Ron Author-Name-First: Misael Author-Name-Last: Ron Author-Name: Oluwafemi Olumide Egbeyemi Author-Name-First: Oluwafemi Author-Name-Last: Olumide Egbeyemi Title: Biointerfaces in sensors and medical devices: challenges, materials, and solutions for biological integration Abstract: Biointerfaces are strategic components in the design of medical sensors and devices, enabling functional interaction between electronic systems and biological tissues. This article examines their properties, materials, and clinical applications, with a focus on biocompatibility, cellular adhesion, electrical conductivity, and structural stability. Current approaches based on conductive hydrogels, nanocomposites with metal oxides, and intelligent coatings are reviewed, as well as their implications in implantable, wearable, microfluidic, and neural interface technologies. The study also addresses critical challenges such as miniaturization, immune response, and the integration of dynamic, stimulus-activated functions. It concludes that biointerfaces represent a key pathway toward the development of more precise, adaptive, and sustainable medical technologies, whose advancement will depend on interdisciplinary convergence among biomedical engineering, materials science, and emerging clinical needs. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 256-256 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025256 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luilibi Escalona Author-Name-First: Luilibi Author-Name-Last: Escalona Author-Name: Estela Hernández-Runque Author-Name-First: Estela Author-Name-Last: Hernández-Runque Title: Professional training as a pillar of preventive culture in the management of chemical substances: A study in the agrochemical sector Abstract: The study aimed to analyze training as an action strategy for risk prevention in the handling and use of agrochemicals. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive case study was conducted. The sample was census-based and comprised 15 workers. A survey was used as the data collection technique and a questionnaire as the instrument. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics. Results: 40% of workers stated that they rarely receive training on health risks in their workplace. Furthermore, 60% of the surveyed workers are unaware of the health risks caused by handling agrochemicals. Sixty percent of the sample considered that their company did not have a training plan for workers and, in turn, stated that they had received little or no training on health and safety risks. Conclusions: Workers recognize the health risks resulting from exposure to chemical agents they encounter in their workplace; however, they ignore compliance with workplace safety standards and procedures, such as failing to use personal protective equipment. They report that the company does not provide ongoing training to its workers, violating current national legislation. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 178-178 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025178 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Camil A. Pinargote Author-Name-First: Camil A. Author-Name-Last: Pinargote Author-Name: Jeisson G. Mero Author-Name-First: Jeisson G. Author-Name-Last: Mero Author-Name: Valeria D. Macías Author-Name-First: Valeria D. Author-Name-Last: Macías Author-Name: Daliannis Rodríguez Author-Name-First: Daliannis Author-Name-Last: Rodríguez Author-Name: Mario A. García Author-Name-First: Mario A. Author-Name-Last: García Title: Medicine of the future: artificial intelligence, gene editing, and planetary health Abstract: This article analyzed the main advances and challenges associated with the medicine of the future, focusing on four fundamental pillars: personalized medicine based on genomics, artificial intelligence applied to diagnosis and clinical management, emerging therapies using CRISPR-based gene editing, and the comprehensive One Health approach that links human, animal, and environmental health. Through a narrative review, recent evidence was examined to illustrate how these technologies are transforming healthcare systems worldwide. Ethical, social, and regulatory implications were also discussed, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary integration to achieve preventive, personalized, and sustainable medicine. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 213-213 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025213 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daimarelis Guerra del Valle Author-Name-First: Daimarelis Author-Name-Last: Guerra del Valle Author-Name: Yanet Ortega Dugrot Author-Name-First: Yanet Author-Name-Last: Ortega Dugrot Author-Name: Susana Solís Solís Author-Name-First: Susana Author-Name-Last: Solís Solís Author-Name: Jorge Alberto Silva Valido Author-Name-First: Jorge Alberto Author-Name-Last: Silva Valido Author-Name: Iyolexis Calzada Medina Author-Name-First: Iyolexis Author-Name-Last: Calzada Medina Author-Name: Ilén Núñez Casañas Author-Name-First: Ilén Author-Name-Last: Núñez Casañas Title: Biosafety in the work performance of workers exposed to biological risks Abstract: Introduction: Occupational biological risk is the probability that workers will suffer health damage from contact or exposure to biological agents. To prevent occupational diseases, workers need biosafety knowledge that enables them to develop appropriate attitudes and practices in their work. Objective: To determine the level of biosafety knowledge, attitudes, and practices of workers exposed to biological risks at the National Center for Minimally Access Surgery. Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted. The study population consisted of 198 workers exposed to biological risks at the institution. Using simple random sampling, the sample consisted of 98 workers. A performance observation guide was applied, allowing for the assessment of variables using the designed qualitative scale, considering the positive value for each variable studied. Results: 71.9% of the respondents rated their level of knowledge as insufficient, while 65.3% rated their attitudes and appropriate practices regarding biosafety as insufficient, and 59.7% rated their attitudes and appropriate practices regarding biosafety as insufficient. The most affected variables were insufficient knowledge for identifying risks in the workplace and managing hospital waste, as well as inadequate response to accidents involving biological agents. Conclusions: Workers exposed to biological risks at the National Center for Minimally Access Surgery (CMS) have insufficient knowledge, attitudes, and appropriate practices in biosafety to prevent occupational accidents and diseases while on the job. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 285-285 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025285 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nur Kholifah Author-Name-First: Nur Author-Name-Last: Kholifah Author-Name: Jarwo Puspito Author-Name-First: Jarwo Author-Name-Last: Puspito Author-Name: Triyanto Author-Name-Last: Triyanto Author-Name: Muhammad Nurtanto Author-Name-First: Muhammad Author-Name-Last: Nurtanto Author-Name: Farid Mutohhari Author-Name-First: Farid Author-Name-Last: Mutohhari Author-Name: Fitria Oktariani Author-Name-First: Fitria Author-Name-Last: Oktariani Author-Name: Desnanda Putri Sagita Author-Name-First: Desnanda Author-Name-Last: Putri Sagita Title: QR Code-Based Ecoprint Catalog Digitalization as a Strategic Innovation for Sustainable MSME Development at Tembindigo Abstract: Introduction: New eco-friendly creative industries focus on sustainable innovations such as ecoprinting which transfers natural motifs from plants onto fabrics. However, many Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) still grapple with production consistency issues stemming from inadequate botanical knowledge. Therefore, this study focused on developing a digital ecoprint catalogue based on QR codes at Tembindigo MSME in Yogyakarta. The objectives included documenting the characteristics of local plants to enhance ecoprint training sessions and foster sustainability-oriented developmental growth within MSMEs. Methods: The study used a Participatory Action Research (PAR) design that included seven members from Tembindigo MSME and 25 participants of the training. Some of the key steps were entitled local plant asset mapping, collecting leaves alongside their motifs, and combining that with the digital catalogue to embed QR codes. As for user satisfaction and the effectiveness of digitalisation, both variables were analysed through Likert-scaled questionnaires and quantitative analysis alongside qualitative word cloud feedback. Results: The results showed that 85% of the documented plants formed distinct and consistent motifs. Users reported overall satisfaction with the platform (mean score above 4.5/5) and praised its accessibility, information clarity, and effectiveness in treatment-shared guidance. Furthermore, the QR-based system minimized trial-and-error processes and significantly bolstered self-paced learning in training sessions. It also added to Tembindigo’s branding and experience value offered to visitors. Conclusion: The overall learning and motif consistency were notably enhanced through the use of the QR-based ecoprint catalogue, therefore, providing an innovative and MSME-friendly solution. It integrates traditional crafts and digital technologies, strengthens the branding of MSMEs, and fosters sustainable eco-friendly entrepreneurship. This model can be utilized by ecoprint-based MSMEs aiming to enhance training, quality, and market outreach. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 290-290 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025290 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gisselle Diaz Breto Author-Name-First: Gisselle Author-Name-Last: Diaz Breto Author-Name: Yohanka Pérez Alvarez Author-Name-First: Yohanka Author-Name-Last: Pérez Alvarez Author-Name: Felix António Rego Rodríguez Author-Name-First: Felix António Author-Name-Last: Rego Rodríguez Title: Portable Technologies in Clinical Biochemistry, from the laboratory to the point of care Abstract: Constant advances in science, technology, and innovation have favored the development of biomedical sciences, providing them with tools such as computer science and artificial intelligence. In the field of clinical biochemistry, advances are needed to optimize and accelerate timely diagnosis. This article aims to describe the advantages and usefulness of POCT devices for diagnosis in clinical biochemistry. Portable technologies in clinical biochemistry applied to laboratory diagnosis promise to overcome the barriers of conventional techniques (time, infrastructure, cost, sensitivity, and specificity). Their usefulness varies, being applicable in response to pandemics, for the management of chronic diseases, promoting accessibility and equity in health, and improving the efficiency of the system while empowering the patient. Similarly, the possibility of integration into wearable devices and smartphones makes it an accessible and attractive medium. Use cases were identified that demonstrate not only its theoretical usefulness but also its actual capacity for use in practice Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 160-160 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025160 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Freddy Ednildon Bautista-Vanegas Author-Name-First: Freddy Ednildon Author-Name-Last: Bautista-Vanegas Author-Name: Jose Luis Diaz-Guerrero Author-Name-First: Jose Luis Author-Name-Last: Diaz-Guerrero Author-Name: Ingrid Neysa Cabezas-Soliz Author-Name-First: Ingrid Neysa Author-Name-Last: Cabezas-Soliz Author-Name: Blas Apaza-Huanca Author-Name-First: Blas Author-Name-Last: Apaza-Huanca Author-Name: Estefannie Eunice Valverde Fernández Author-Name-First: Estefannie Eunice Author-Name-Last: Valverde Fernández Author-Name: Jhossmar Cristians Auza-Santivañez Author-Name-First: Jhossmar Cristians Author-Name-Last: Auza-Santivañez Author-Name: Themis Karim Ocampo Gamboa Author-Name-First: Themis Karim Author-Name-Last: Ocampo Gamboa Author-Name: Rebeca Rocio Gomez Rosales Author-Name-First: Rebeca Rocio Author-Name-Last: Gomez Rosales Author-Name: Luis Mariano Tecuatl Gómez Author-Name-First: Luis Mariano Author-Name-Last: Tecuatl Gómez Author-Name: Pablo Carías Author-Name-First: Pablo Author-Name-Last: Carías Author-Name: Ruben Marco Antonio Soliz-Mendoza Author-Name-First: Ruben Marco Antonio Author-Name-Last: Soliz-Mendoza Title: Bioprocess Engineering: Advances in Cell Culture Systems, Reactor Design, Scale-up Strategies, and Intensification Processes for the Production of Biological and Bioactive Compounds Abstract: Bioprocess engineering is undergoing an unprecedented transformation, driven by the growing demand for complex and bioactive biological products across diverse industries, from pharmaceuticals to food and energy. Recent advances have redefined the efficiency, scalability, and sustainability of biomanufacturing. Key elements of this evolution include the widespread adoption of single-use systems, the integration of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) for precise control and predictive optimization, and the fundamental shift toward continuous bioprocessing. These innovations not only reduce costs and production times but also improve product quality and consistency, enabling the manufacturing of personalized therapies and high-value compounds. Scaling strategies have diversified to include both scale-up and parallel expansion (scale-out), tailored to specific product needs. Together, these developments are laying the foundation for more agile, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible biomanufacturing, preparing the industry to address global challenges in health and sustainability. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 149-149 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025149 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Ignacio Robaina Castillo Author-Name-First: Jose Ignacio Author-Name-Last: Robaina Castillo Author-Name: Andrew Alberto López Sánchez Author-Name-First: Andrew Alberto Author-Name-Last: López Sánchez Title: Biomedical devices and microfluidics: development of lab-on-a-chip systems, biosensors and diagnostic devices with applications in clinical and point-of-care settings Abstract: The convergence of biomedical devices and microfluidics is revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment in the healthcare sector, offering faster, more accurate, and more accessible solutions. Microfluidics, which manipulates fluids at nanometer and micrometer scales, leverages principles such as laminar flow and diffusion to enable the development of miniaturized systems. Labs-on-a-Chip (LOC) are the embodiment of this symbiosis. These devices integrate multiple laboratory functions into a single platform, utilizing manufacturing techniques such as photolithography and 3D printing. Their impact is palpable in the rapid detection of pathogens, the diagnosis of chronic diseases and cancer, drug discovery, and personalized medicine, facilitating point-of-care (POC) testing with minimal sample volumes and reduced costs. The integration of biosensors (optical, electrochemical, nucleic acid-based) into microfluidic platforms enhances biomarker detection with high sensitivity and specificity. This translates into earlier diagnoses and continuous monitoring. Although these advances promise to transform healthcare, significant challenges remain. Production scalability, cost reduction, regulatory harmonization, and the need for biocompatible materials are crucial hurdles. However, future trends are promising, including the incorporation of artificial intelligence for more efficient analysis, the development of wearable and implantable biosensors, and the expansion of organs-on-chip for biomedical research. Microfluidics and biomedical devices are shaping the future of more efficient and personalized medicine. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 167-167 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025167 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jhossmar Cristians Auza-Santivañez Author-Name-First: Jhossmar Cristians Author-Name-Last: Auza-Santivañez Author-Name: Freddy Ednildon Bautista-Vanegas Author-Name-First: Freddy Ednildon Author-Name-Last: Bautista-Vanegas Author-Name: Alejandro Carías Author-Name-First: Alejandro Author-Name-Last: Carías Author-Name: Blas Apaza Huanca Author-Name-First: Blas Author-Name-Last: Apaza Huanca Author-Name: Ariel Sosa Remón Author-Name-First: Ariel Author-Name-Last: Sosa Remón Author-Name: Adalid Rimer Condo-Gutierrez Author-Name-First: Adalid Rimer Author-Name-Last: Condo-Gutierrez Author-Name: Laura Pamela Mamani Manzaneda Author-Name-First: Laura Pamela Author-Name-Last: Mamani Manzaneda Author-Name: Luis Mariano Tecuatl Gómez Author-Name-First: Luis Mariano Author-Name-Last: Tecuatl Gómez Author-Name: Isaura Oberson Santander Author-Name-First: Isaura Author-Name-Last: Oberson Santander Author-Name: Nayra Condori-Villca Author-Name-First: Nayra Author-Name-Last: Condori-Villca Author-Name: Fidel Aguilar-Medrano Author-Name-First: Fidel Author-Name-Last: Aguilar-Medrano Title: Bibliographic review on the application of biomaterials in neurological disorders Abstract: Introduction: the process of endogenous neurogenesis is not capable of replenishing lost cells after an injury that can result in massive cell loss. Biomaterials are being developed to mimic the brain’s extracellular matrix, providing scaffolds that promote tissue repair and regeneration. The objective was to characterize the application of biomaterials in neurological affections. Methods: a literature review was conducted, where 20 articles in English and Spanish were selected, published in the last five years on the subject, in databases such as: Scopus, PubMed, Springer. Results: biomaterials play an essential role in the human body by serving as artificial substitutes or implants that interact with living tissues, organs, and bodily fluids. Emerging approaches, including stem cell therapy, biomaterials, immune cell therapy, and exosome-based treatments, show promise in modulating the inflammatory response while avoiding broad suppression of immune function. With that in mind, researchers are exploring how these materials could help repair nerve damage once thought to be permanent, boost brain function, and play a key role in fields like neuro-oncology and neuro-rehabilitation. Conclusions: biomaterials enable safe contact with living tissue and offer promise in neuroscience. Research is still needed to address ethics and ensure safe use. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 169-169 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025169 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Maria Chaves Cano Author-Name-First: Ana Maria Author-Name-Last: Chaves Cano Author-Name: Alfredo Javier Pérez Gamboa Author-Name-First: Alfredo Javier Author-Name-Last: Pérez Gamboa Author-Name: William Castillo-González Author-Name-First: William Author-Name-Last: Castillo-González Title: Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering from an innovative approach Abstract: Introduction: Regenerative medicine, as an area of scientific work and development within the medical sciences, opens new doors in the management and treatment of various pathologies (chronic or not). Objective: To assess the implementation of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering based on an innovative approach. Method: A comprehensive review of related bibliographic sources was conducted. The search strategy used the terms regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The databases used were SCielo and PubMed. A multi-step screening process was used to select the articles. Development: Thirteen primary research projects were selected. Different areas within regenerative medicine and tissue engineering were addressed. The application of biocomponents such as hydrogels and blood products is gaining ground due to their limited antigenic effects. Furthermore, stem cells remain a promising alternative, with a growing trend toward preventive actions for chronic conditions. For their part, the development of research and clinical studies is key to the theoretical and practical contributions of these techniques and the new ones developed. Conclusions: Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are presented as novel and revolutionary alternatives within medicine. Their applications are broad and at the same time specific to each specialty. Numerous studies and research (in vitro and in vivo) provide theoretical advances that may constitute novel treatments in the future. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 155-155 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025155 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Gonzalez-Argote Author-Name-First: Javier Author-Name-Last: Gonzalez-Argote Title: Medical Applications and Challenges of Cell Culture Systems Abstract: Introduction: cell culture systems allow investigation of physiological, pathological, and pharmacological processes under controlled conditions, tracing back to techniques developed since the early 20th century and enhanced by the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells in 2006. Methods: a total of 16 articles in Spanish and English were retrieved from Scopus, Science, and Springer using the keywords “2D cell culture,” “3D cell culture,” “regenerative medicine,” and “drug screening,” with more than 60 % published in the last five years. Results: two-dimensional cultures are characterized by simplicity, low cost, and scalability in cytotoxicity assays and drug screening, although they exhibit low biological fidelity. Three-dimensional systems better reproduce tissue architecture, generate nutrient and oxygen gradients, and promote more physiological gene expression profiles, making them suitable for tissue engineering, organoid development, and regenerative medicine. Identified applications include monoclonal antibody production, vaccines, cell therapies, and viral diagnostics. However, technical complexity, matrix standardization, and reproducibility remain limiting factors. Conclusions: cell culture techniques enable in vitro study of cellular physiology and pathology. Two-dimensional monolayers and three-dimensional constructs offer distinct advantages and limitations. Their applications include drug screening, regenerative medicine, vaccine production, and diagnostics. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 241-241 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025241 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Esteban Llorente-Nuñez Author-Name-First: Esteban Author-Name-Last: Llorente-Nuñez Author-Name: Diago Nunes-Coelho Author-Name-First: Diago Author-Name-Last: Nunes-Coelho Title: Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: Innovations in Scaffolding Technologies, Stem Cell Engineering, and Bioprinting for Tissue Repair and Organ Regeneration Abstract: Introduction: regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are emerging disciplines that seek to restore the function of damaged tissues and organs through technological innovations. These areas combine biology, engineering, and medicine to develop solutions that improve patients' quality of life. In this context, scaffolding technologies, stem cell engineering, and bioprinting stand out as key tools for tissue repair and organ regeneration. Development: scaffolds are three-dimensional structures that provide physical support for cell growth and tissue formation. They can be designed with biocompatible materials that mimic the properties of natural tissue, facilitating integration with the body. Stem cell engineering, on the other hand, allows for the extraction and differentiation of cells with regenerative potential, which is crucial for repairing damage to specific tissues. Bioprinting, an innovative technique, uses 3D printers to create complex cellular structures, enabling the manufacture of personalized tissues and artificial organs. These technologies have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies, offering new hope in the treatment of degenerative diseases, traumatic injuries, and birth defects. Conclusions: innovations in scaffolding technologies, stem cell engineering, and bioprinting are opening up new possibilities for tissue and organ repair and regeneration. As these technologies continue to evolve, it is critical to address the associated ethical and regulatory challenges to ensure their safe and effective implementation in clinical practice. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 236-236 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025236 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mayra Oliva Santos Author-Name-First: Mayra Author-Name-Last: Oliva Santos Author-Name: Michael Ndlovu Author-Name-First: Michael Author-Name-Last: Ndlovu Author-Name: Dinora Márquez Delgado Author-Name-First: Dinora Author-Name-Last: Márquez Delgado Title: Implementation of Lab-on-a-Chip technologies in hematology: advances and challenges Abstract: Advances in biomedical engineering, electronics, and bioinformatics are catalyzing the transition from conventional laboratories to Lab-on-a-Chip technologies. This technology shows potential for application in areas with a strong diagnostic component, such as hematology. This article was developed with the aim of describing the principles, advances, and challenges of implementing Lab-on-a-Chip technologies in hematology. Guided by the principles of microfluidics, these technologies enable tests ranging from complete blood counts to more complex ones such as flow cytometry. The ability to perform multiple analyses in parallel, its portability, and speed could greatly improve care in the care unit or at the patient's bedside, leading to early and timely diagnosis. However, component integration issues, manufacturing complexity, robustness, reliability, sensitivity, and lack of standardization remain real problems that hinder its development. Its development, although still slow, and integration with artificial intelligence techniques will favor diagnosis and treatment in hematological practice. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 224-224 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025224 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Alfredo Miló Valdés Author-Name-First: Carlos Alfredo Author-Name-Last: Miló Valdés Author-Name: Lidia Cecilia Pérez Acevedo Author-Name-First: Lidia Cecilia Author-Name-Last: Pérez Acevedo Author-Name: Adrián Alejandro Vitón Castillo Author-Name-First: Adrián Alejandro Author-Name-Last: Vitón Castillo Title: Utility of immunoinformatics in epitope mapping for vaccine and therapeutic design Abstract: Epitope identification is largely the basis for the development of new vaccine candidates and immunotherapies. However, traditional methods for epitope identification present certain limitations in terms of time and high costs, hence experimentation in this field is targeted and rationalized. The development of omics, as well as the introduction of bioinformatics techniques and tools in biomedical specialties, has allowed the development of immunoinformatics, which has the capacity to speed up the discovery process. The present communication aims to describe the potential of immunoinformatics in epitope mapping for the design of vaccines and therapies. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 152-152 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025152 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adrián Alejandro Vitón Castillo Author-Name-First: Adrián Alejandro Author-Name-Last: Vitón Castillo Author-Name: Carlos Alfredo Miló Valdés Author-Name-First: Carlos Alfredo Author-Name-Last: Miló Valdés Author-Name: Lidia Cecilia Pérez Acevedo Author-Name-First: Lidia Cecilia Author-Name-Last: Pérez Acevedo Title: Biological databases useful for epitope mapping and immune response simulation Abstract: The application of bioinformatics has facilitated the development of subareas of science and subspecialties, such as immunoinformatics. Immunoinformatics is extremely useful in vaccine development, the prediction of potential epitopes, and the simulation of immune responses. However, this requires the availability of curated, high-quality data that has been experimentally tested and validated. This study describes databases that are useful in epitope mapping and immune response simulation. The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource, Universal Protein Resource, and Protein Data Bank are three such databases that are relevant for the use of immunoinformatics tools in epitope mapping and immune response simulation. These databases, together with others, whether general or specialized, form part of the biological data ecosystem on which most immunoinformatics tools for epitope prediction and immune response simulation are built and operate. All have their advantages and limitations, so the selection of one or the other should be based on an analysis of the needs and objectives of the researcher and their projects. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 300-300 Volume: 4 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2025300 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v4a48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nairobi Hernández Bridon Author-Name-First: Nairobi Author-Name-Last: Hernández Bridon Author-Name: Alfredo Carlos Rodríguez-Portelles Author-Name-First: Alfredo Carlos Author-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Portelles Author-Name: Arianna Maité Céspedes Rómulo Author-Name-First: Arianna Maité Author-Name-Last: Céspedes Rómulo Title: Multiscale Modeling in Systems Biology Abstract: Multiscale modeling in systems biology is a methodological approach designed to represent, integrate, and simulate complex biological phenomena occurring across various organizational levels, from the molecular to the tissue scale. In contrast to reductionist perspectives, this holistic framework acknowledges that biological processes emerge from dynamic interactions among components operating simultaneously in multiple spatial and temporal scales. Its development has been facilitated by the growing availability of omics data and the evolution of advanced computational tools, enabling the creation of realistic and predictive simulations. This article reviews theoretical foundations and current applications of multiscale modeling in key fields such as personalized medicine, computational pharmacology, tissue engineering, and clinical simulation. It covers integration strategies such as hierarchical and concurrent coupling, and highlights the use of specialized platforms like GROMACS, NAMD, SimBiology, and PhysiCell. The advantages of this modeling approach include the design of individualized treatments, virtual testing of biomaterials, and the optimization of clinical trials through simulated cohorts. Multiscale models allow not only a more accurate representation of biological systems but also enable the anticipation of pathophysiological dynamics, reduce drug development timelines, and enhance clinical decision-making. Their future effectiveness will depend on data interoperability, algorithmic refinement, and integration with artificial intelligence. Ultimately, multiscale modeling is a foundational tool for advancing toward a more predictive, contextual, and adaptive biology suited to the evolving challenges of contemporary medicine. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 404-404 Volume: 5 Year: 2025 DOI: 10.56294/evk2026404 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2025v5a49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nemecis Astudillo M Author-Name-First: Nemecis Author-Name-Last: Astudillo M Author-Name: Marycarmen Rodríguez A Author-Name-First: Marycarmen Author-Name-Last: Rodríguez A Title: Unveiling the soil's potential: a greenhouse case study at AgroBolívar C.A Abstract: Agriculture is fundamental for economic and social development, with Bolívar state in Venezuela being an important agricultural producer. This research focused on characterizing the agricultural soil in a greenhouse of AgroBolívar C.A. in Ciudad Bolívar, with the objective of understanding its physical and chemical properties and its productive potential. A composite sampling was carried out in Greenhouse #3. The methodology included analyses of bulk density, particle density, porosity, pH, and exchangeable acidity. The results revealed high bulk density (Plot 1: 1.890 g·cm-3; Plot 2: 1.813 g·cm-3; Plot 3: 1.885 g·cm-3), a particle density suggesting a high organic matter content, and low porosity (Plot 1: 17.42%; Plot 2: 23.28%; Plot 3: 14.47%). The pH varied from neutral (Plot 1) to moderately alkaline (Plots 2 and 3). Exchangeable acidity does not represent a limiting factor for the soils. It is concluded that the soil exhibits compaction with variability in pH, which should be considered to optimize management and crop selection. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 210-210 Volume: 5 Year: 2026 DOI: 10.56294/evk2026210 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2026v5a50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solange del Rocío Lituma Carriel Author-Name-First: Solange del Rocío Author-Name-Last: Lituma Carriel Title: Bibliometric analysis of bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in Ecuador 2019-2025 Abstract: Introduction: biotechnology has developed techniques such as bioremediation, which seeks to restore contaminated soils through the use of microorganisms, plants, or organic amendments, reducing the concentration of contaminants without generating toxic secondary waste. It is necessary to compile, organize, and analyze research on bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in Ecuador. Objective: to analyze the current state of scientific production on bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in Ecuador during the period 2019-2025, through a bibliometric study. Method: scientific studies from the Scopus database were compiled and processed with the help of Biblioshiny (RDtudio) and Google Colab for analysis and visualization of key indicators: techniques, organisms, bioremediation strategies, publications by year, most cited studies, national affiliations, international collaborations, co-authorship networks, and journal quartiles. Results: they show sustained growth in scientific production, with a significant peak in 2022 and 2023. The most commonly used bioremediation techniques were bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, and the use of native microorganisms, with the genus Pseudomonas predominating, reflecting a preference for sustainable methodologies adapted to local conditions. The main national affiliations are public universities such as the University of the Armed Forces, the National University of Chimborazo, and the Technical University of Manabí. International collaborations, although few, are found in countries such as Mexico, Spain, Italy, Brazil, and Venezuela. Despite the progress, most research is published in low-quartile journals, which limits its international visibility. Conclusions: it is important to strengthen national and international collaboration networks and expand bibliometric analysis to include non-indexed documentary sources to achieve a more comprehensive view of scientific development in this area in the Ecuadorian context. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 203-203 Volume: 5 Year: 2026 DOI: 10.56294/evk2026203 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2026v5a51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Telmo Raul Aveiro-Róbalo Author-Name-First: Telmo Raul Author-Name-Last: Aveiro-Róbalo Author-Name: Vanessa Pérez-Del-Vallín Author-Name-First: Vanessa Author-Name-Last: Pérez-Del-Vallín Title: Bibliographic update on cell and protein engineering Abstract: Introduction: bioprocessing is undergoing a revolution driven by innovations such as single-use systems and continuous bioprocessing. The direct approach to cell engineering is to introduce to or omit from the cell a gene or genes by genetic engineering methods to endow a particular phenotype in order to improve the cellular processes. Over three-quarters of therapeutic proteins are produced using Chinese hamster ovary cells, that raises as the most common cell line used. The aim was to characterize cell and protein engineering. Methods: a literature review was conducted, where 18 articles in English and Spanish were selected, published in the last five years on the subject, in databases such as: Scopus, PubMed, Springer. Results: deleting nonessential genes may increase the productivity by directing cellular resources toward product biosynthesis. Cell culture system provide controlled environments to study cellular process, mammalian cell cultures are valuable for virology, vaccine production, tissue regeneration, genetic engineering. The use of these modified cells is essential for producing recombinant proteins, antibodies and vaccines. Conclusions: cell and protein engineering raised as alternative tools for the development of specific therapies in cancer and immunologic diseases in the last few years. Recombinant protein production lay on areas as cell culture, mammalian cells for specific antibody expression, cell culture technologies and bioreactors as the corner stone for bioprocess. Journal: eVitroKhem Pages: 398-398 Volume: 5 Year: 2026 DOI: 10.56294/evk2026398 Handle: RePEc:dbk:evitro:2026v5a52